DOI: https://doi.org/10.26758/15.1.29

(1) (2) (3) (4) Faculty of Social Sciences, Hong Duc University, Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam; Email: (1) nguyenthiduyen@hdu.edu.vn; (2) daothanhthuy@hdu.edu.vn; (3) maivantung@hdu.edu.vn; (4) nguyenthilien@hdu.edu.vn

Address correspondence to: Duyen Thi NGUYEN, Ph.D., Faculty of Social Sciences, Hong Duc University, Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam, email: nguyenthiduyen@hdu.edu.vn

Abstract

Objectives. To analyze the career transition process of the rural workers resettled due to the land acquisition in Nghi Son Economic Zone, Thanh Hoa, Vietnam. Driven by industrialization and urbanization, this resettlement significantly alters the livelihoods of the rural populations, necessitating a shift from the traditional agricultural practices to new forms of employment.

Material and methods. The study interviewed representatives of 400 households after they were resettled due to the land acquisition in Nghi Son Economic Zone, Thanh Hoa, to serve in the industrialization and urbanization process. This substantial sample size provides a robust basis for analysis.  The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis.  Quantitative data from structured interviews was analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency distributions in order to illustrate key trends and patterns.

Results. Data analysis using the PLS-SEM model to show the relationship between 5 factors: (1) Career transition trend; (2) Transition time; (3) Work location; (4) Advantages and disadvantages in the career transition process; (5) Level of satisfaction and expectations of people after the career transition process of rural workers after resettlement due to land acquisition. The variables considered in the study include career transition trend, transition time, work location, advantages and disadvantages in the career transition process, and satisfaction and expectations of people after career transition.

Conclusion. The study successfully analyzed the aspects of the career transition process. To effectively support the career transition process of the rural workers after the land acquisition, businesses, managers and scientists must cooperate comprehensively, combine support policies, target interventions, and empower workers.

Keywords: career change, rural labor, resettlement, land recovery, Nghi Son economic zone, Thanh Hoa.

Suggested citation (APA)

Nguyen, D. T., Dao, T. T., Mai, T. V., & Nguyen, L. T. (2025). Career transition process of rural workers in Nghĩ Sơn Economic Zone, Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam after resettlement due to land acquisition. Anthropological Researches and Studies, 15, 431-444. https://doi.org/10.26758/15.1.29

Introduction

The career transition process of rural workers after resettlement due to land acquisition in Nghi Son economic zone, Thanh Hoa, Vietnam, is complex and influenced by many factors. After resettlement and agricultural land confiscation, rural workers switch to non-agricultural occupations (working as workers, doing small businesses, migrating to big cities, etc.). Without enough skills and knowledge, it is difficult for workers to find new job opportunities that suit their interests and abilities, and it takes a long time to change careers (Le & Tran-Chi, 2019; Li, Z., &Liu, L, 2019; Li et al., 2022). Workers with solid connections to the community and access to the social resources are more likely to transition to new jobs successfully, as are supportive government policies and programs. Does it significantly affect the rural workers’ successful employment transition process after resettlement? Many forms of support for workers after resettlement, such as capital loans, vocational training, job placement, etc., are available. The government may ensure that workers whose land is recovered may change and maintain sustainable livelihoods despite the challenges of resettlement. Personal characteristics (gender, age, education, skill level, etc.) are important factors affecting the career transition process of the rural workers after resettlement due to unemployment-land-land recovery. The career transition process will be analyzed in terms of career change trends, transition time, work location, difficulties, challenges during the transition process, and satisfaction level and expectations assessment. Workers’ wishes about career transition.

Theoretical framework

Using the labor structure theory of Clark and Fourastié, the rational choice theory from the perspective of Homans, Peter Blau, and James Coleman examines the issue of give and take in the interaction process, all acts and exchanges between individuals include rewards and costs, which are determined by their ability to increase their behavioral capacities. People want the most fabulous, fantastic, excellent, and significant rewards compared to the costs spent (Hang. H.T, 2010). Applying this theory to this study to explain people’s career change after agricultural land recovery is calculated in terms of benefits. Individuals will adopt the behaviors considered the most beneficial and the most suitable for them. For each age, gender, family situation and suitable social relationship, each person will choose the most suitable and appropriate job for themselves after having their agricultural land confiscated.

The study also uses the livelihood theory to prove that a necessary industrialization and urbanization are the inevitable parts of the development, land acquisition is one of the essential and unavoidable parts of development, and that land acquisition is one of the critical and necessary conditions for the industrial implementation. Modernize and modernize the country. To make a living, people are constantly under pressure from all sides, including the natural, economic, social, and environmental resources. The livelihood of rural workers island, and when the land acquisition will directly affect their livelihoods. The transformation of labor structure from an industry perspective is a change in the direction of increasing service workers and decreasing groups working in material production (Nguyen Tiep, 2008).

Moges Gobena (2010) showed the consequences of the land acquisition on livelihoods. Ethiopian farmers’ livelihoods include impacts on livelihoods, food security, and sustainable management of natural resources. According to research by Ravallion and Walle (2008), poor households often fall into farmers who have lost land, are hired farmers, cannot find stable jobs, or have families at risk of illness. Many studies have emphasized the importance of education in shaping employment outcomes and the job mobility (Guan et al., 2019; Lee & Lee, 2018; Teichler, 2017).

In addition to the personal factors, the research compensation funds also affect their job transition process; research shows that some households mainly invest their compensation funds in immediate needs, such as housing or purchasing equipment, skipping vocational training, or looking for alternative career paths (Chen et al., 2020; Ha et al., 2022; Tuan, 2021; Tuan & Hegedűs, 2018; Wang et al., 2019). This approach may limit their ability to transition to the new employment opportunities or acquire skills needed for non-farm occupations. Addressing challenges related to compensation is critical to supporting successful job transitions and ensuring long-term sustainable livelihoods.

Gender norms, cultural expectations and the division of labor in rural communities may contribute to disparities in job transitions between women and men (Grantham et al., 2021; Hendriks, 2019; Kabeer, 2021; Ojediran & Anderson, 2020). Women may face unique challenges in accessing off-farm employment opportunities, while men may benefit from perceived cultural and skill expectations (Walker et al., 2019). Understanding gender dynamics in job transitions is essential for designing gender-responsive policies and interventions.

Important, another crucial rural worker is necessary, another essential factor in determining the employment’s mobility. Many studies have emphasized that the importance of education in shaping the employment outcomes and job mobility (Guan et al., 2019; Lee & Lee, 2018; Teichler, 2017). Higher education equips individuals with valuable skills, knowledge, and qualifications, enhancing their ability to adapt to the evolving labor market demands. The rural workers with high levels of education will have more opportunities to successfully change careers to non-agricultural jobs by taking advantage of their educational background and expanding their employment opportunities. Understanding the role of education in the job transition process may inform interventions that prioritize skills development and educational opportunities for the rural workers.

Research indicates that some households primarily invest their compensation funds in immediate needs such as housing or equipment purchases, forgoing vocational training or seeking alternative career paths (Chen et al., 2020; Ha et al., 2022; Tuan, 2021; Tuan & Hegedűs, 2018; Wang et al., 2019; Dao et al.,2023). This approach may limit their ability to transition to the new employment opportunities or acquire skills needed for non-farming occupations. Addressing challenges related to compensation is critical to supporting successful job transitions and ensuring long-term sustainable livelihoods.

The government guidelines, policies, and programs implemented by the state and Thanh Hoa province impact the employment transition process of the rural workers after the land recovery (Nguyen et al., 2017; Nguyen & Kim, 2020; Tuan & Hegedűs, 2018). However, it is necessary to consider the importance of these policies relative to individual factors such as the education level and the age. Understanding the interactions between the systemic interventions and personal circumstances is critical for designing the comprehensive and practical strategies to support the work transitions.

Research on the career transition process of the rural workers after their resettlement due to some piece of land acquisition has received attention from many scientists and managers. However, the previous research on the employment transition process of the rural workers in Nghi Son Economic Zone, Thanh Hoa, Vietnam, has yet to be conducted. Considering that research gap, we conducted this study in order to investigate new findings. This study aims to understand the career transition process of rural workers. It proposes appropriate interventions and policies able to facilitate successful career transitions and ensure sustainable livelihoods for the rural workers after their resettlement due to the land acquisition.

Material and methods

This study used quantitative and qualitative research methods, simulating 400 households that had to resettle due to the land acquisition. Data analysis used the PLS-SEM model to show the relationship between 5 factors: (1) Career transition trend; (2) Transition time; (3) Work location; (4) Advantages and disadvantages in the career transition process; (5) Level of satisfaction and expectations of people after the career transition process of the rural workers after resettlement due to the land acquisition. The variables considered in the study included the career transition trend, the transition time, the work location, the advantages and disadvantages in the career transition process and the satisfaction and the expectations of the people after the career transition.

The sampling method: List all the households whose land was recovered and regenerated in 2 communes: Tinh Hai and Hai Yen. The total number of working households in the two communes whose land was recovered was 1,990 (Tinh Hai commune had 314 households, and Hai Yen commune had 1,676 households). The estimated sampling distance was five households, and selecting one household at a time was enough to send the sample model process. To measure social events, the author interviewed 400 representative household workers by questionnaire, including male and female working-age workers.

The qualitative research methods were used in order to offer some supplement information for a quantitative analysis, so, it may address the causes of problems discovered through the quantitative data, assess the current status of the social-professional facilities, the conversion trends, support that land-lost workers receive from enterprises and authorities at all levels, and recommendations from groups of experts, religious leaders, and the relevant managers on the other side. The author sent in-depth questions to 10 workers, four managers, four managers of the Nghi Son Economic Zone, and four research experts, leaders, and managers of related facilities.

Results

In order to comprehensive evaluate the model of the occupational restructuring of the rural workers after the resettlement due to the land acquisition in Nghi Son economic zone, Thanh Hoa, we will consider the indicators measuring the reliability, the concurrent value and the suitability of the model. Below is a detailed analysis of these indicators based on the results of PLS-SEM processing:

Table 1 shows the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, indicating the internal reliability of the scales, with some values above 0.7 considered acceptable. In this case, all the variables met this requirement except for “Location,” which had a negative value, indicating that there might be a problem with this scale. Similarly, the composite reliability also showed positive results for most variables, except for “Trend,” which had a negative reliability that needs a further consideration. The average variance extracted (AVE) assesses the extent to which the latent variable explains the variance of the observed variables. The results showed that all variables had AVEs above 0.5, meeting the requirement of the convergent validity. The results confirmed that the scales in the PLS-SEM model generally had acceptable reliability and a convergent validity.

Table 1

Summary results of factor loadings in the PLS-SEM model (to see Table 1, please click here)

The observation of the measurement model shows that:

The trend factor: Has a weak influence on income (0.174); an increasing trend may lead to a slight increase in income, but this relationship is not strong. The trend influences work location (-0.187); a rising trend may lead to a subtle change in location. Time: It has a positive and a moderate influence on Location (0.494). Time is an essential factor influencing location. It has a negative and a strong influence on (-0.633). The longer the time, the more satisfaction tends to decrease. Location: It positively and moderately influences the satisfaction (0.44). The location contributes to some satisfaction. Income: The income positively and strongly influences satisfaction (0.711). This is the most substantial relationship in the model, indicating that income is the most critical factor influencing the satisfaction.

Observed variables: Variables XH1 to XH4, TG1 to TG6, DD1 to DD3, TN1 to TN4, and HL1 to HL5 are observed variables used to measure the corresponding latent variables. The factor loadings of the observed variables were shown on the arrows connecting the observed variables to the latent variables. The high factor loadings (e.g., TG2 – 0.861, HL3 – 0.725) indicate that these observed variables measure the corresponding latent variables well.

Career change trends

How does this career transition happen? What do people do when they lose their traditional jobs and their requirements change?… these aspects will be analyzed in this section.

Figure 1.

PLS Sem measurement model results (to see Figure 1, please click here)

Table 2 shows a clear shift between the two main occupational groups before and after the land acquisition: agriculture and non-agriculture. Before the land acquisition, the rural laborers nationwide mainly worked in the agricultural sector (the crops cultivation and the livestock breeding), accounting for 60.5%, and after land acquisition, this proportion was only 3.2%.

Ms. Tran Thi B, a resident of Hai Yen, said: “After losing my land, I decided to open a small grocery store. This job does not require much capital, and I can also manage my own time.” (Excerpt from an interview with Ms. Tran Thi B)

This small non-agricultural occupation group does not require a high education or some capital and is also suitable for landless workers in rural Thanh Hoa. The significant increase and decrease in these three occupational groups was consistent with the inevitable trend of the general economic restructuring process.

The remaining occupational groups  were small and did not differ significantly from their situation before the land acquisition. However, it was necessary and encouraging that 39% of respondents now have an occupation or job (compared to only 8.5% before the land acquisition).

This is the most enormous and the most significant of the backlogs, the difficulty of workers. The land’s transfer wasn’t done and the local authorities at all levels have not resolved even after 6 years of implementing the land transfer and resettlement for rural people in Tinh Hai and Hai Yen. Although it has been 6 years since the loss of land, I still have not found a stable job. Job opportunities here are minimal, “said Le Van C, a young man in Tinh Hai. (Excerpt from interview with Le Van C).

Table 2
Changing occupations is the main occupation of people before and after land acquisition (to see Table 2, please click here)

Figure 2 shows that the time of career transition is quite evident among the labor groups after a piece of land acquisition. Within just 1 month, 16.2% of laborers switched to a new job; for 8.2% that took them 1-3 months, and others 5.2% changed their work places during of 6 months and 1 year. This group has many favorable factors in the career transition process, such as age, education level, gender, and health… The survey results also show that 23.2% of respondents had to work for more than 1 year. 6.8% had to switch to a new job, and for 6.8% of them it took between 6 months and 1 year to switch their work place. The rate of laborers who had not changed their jobs at the time of the survey was 38.4%.

The number of people for whom it took a year or more to change their careers was relatively high. Partly because they were only familiar with farming, the consequence is that it was not easy to adapt and switch to non-agricultural jobs. As Ms. Hoang Thi H, a farmer in Tinh Hai, shared: “I have only known how to farm all my life. Now that I have lost my land, I do not know what else to do. I tried working at a factory as a worker, but I am not used to the factory environment.” (Excerpt from an interview with Ms. Hoang Thi H). On the other hand, after a piece of land acquisition, people receive a relatively large amount of compensation (especially households with a lot of residential land and agricultural land), enough to cover their living expenses, so they do not need to find a new job immediately.

Figure 2

Time to move to new job after land acquisition (%) (to see Figure 2, please click here)

Work location

A new workplace is an essential factor for the career transition process of workers in the Nghi Son Economic Zone.

When asked about their new workplace, 91.2% said that they hoped to work locally. Mr. Tran Van K, a resident of Tinh Hai, said: “I have lived here all my life; I am familiar with the environment and with the people here. I do not want to have to move to a strange place to work.” (Excerpt from an interview with Mr. Tran Van K). 1.2% wanted to work in Thanh Hoa city center, and 7.2% (According to Figure 2, there are different desires, such as migrating to provinces and cities where relatives work. Most people want to work nearby in order to care for their families, parents, and children and are familiar with the living environment here. Nghi Son An economic zone is a large area a national construction planning project. The agricultural workers always have high expectations because those areas are able to attract suitable workers when the project operates without having to relocate them in other places to find work.

Figure 3

Desired location for new job after resettlement (%) (to see Figure 3, please click here)

According to the Figure 4, 40% of respondents said that their income was lower than before the land acquisition; 28% said that their current income was much lower. Meanwhile, the choice of no change was only 30% and 2% higher. Thus, people’s current jobs mainly bring low and unstable income compared to the income from agriculture. The survey showed that the recovered land was primarily the agricultural land and the residential land, the compensation price was close to the market price, the amount of money that households received was relatively large, and many households with those compensation money spent money on vocational training, job conversion, and business expansion, many households successfully changed, in this way,  their jobs’ profile.

Figure 4

Change in household income compared to before land acquisition (%) (to see Figure 4, please click here)

The survey results (Figure 5) show that most people are unsatisfied with their current jobs. As Ms. Hoang Thi T, a resident of Hai Yen, shared: “My current job has a low salary and is unstable. I feel worried about my family’s life”. This shows that more effective measures are needed with the aim to support the career transition. Although the government and the Project Management Board have made certain efforts, people who change careers after a land acquisition still face many difficulties. There is a need for more comprehensive support policies, including the vocational training, job referrals and the support for stabilizing life after the career transition.

Figure 5

People’s satisfaction with their current job (%) (to see Figure 5, please click here)

Model reliability

The table 3 shows that the SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual) index is 0.0608, lower than the threshold of 0.08, indicating that the model fits the data well. The d_ULS and d_G indexes are 0.781 and 7.085, respectively, measuring the distance between the estimated and saturated models, which should be compared with the other studies for evaluation.

The Chi-square value is 277.591, but it should be combined with the p-value and with other indexes in order to evaluate the fit because Chi-square is sensitive to sample size. The NFI index is 0.752, indicating that the model fit is acceptable but not yet at the ideal level of 0.9 or higher. Based on the SRMR and NFI indexes, the estimated model acceptably fits the data (table 4).

Table 3.

Model fit (to see Table 3, please click here)

Table 4.

Distinguishing value (to see Table 4, please click here)

The cross-loading coefficient is an index that shows the degree of association between the observed and the parent’s latent variables. It must be greater than or equal to 0.7. The research results show that the cross-loading coefficient has values that meet the requirements (table 5).

 Table 5.

Cross loading factor (to see Table 5, please click here)

This study used the PLS-SEM model in order to assess the occupational structural transformation of the rural workers after their resettlement in the Nghi Son economic zone, an area undergoing a rapid industrialization and urbanization. The research results showed the model’s reliability and the convergent validity, creating a solid data analysis and an interpretation foundation. However, some points still need to be clarified with the aim to increase the persuasiveness and ensure the accuracy of the research results.

The scales used in the model demonstrated a high internal reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of all variables are above the threshold of 0.7, exceeding the commonly accepted standard in the social science research. This shows that the observed variables in each scale consistently measure the same concept, ensuring the homogeneity and the reliability of the measurement. This result strengthens the confidence in the scales’ ability to measure the research concepts accurately.

The scales’ convergent validity is also assessed as suitable. All variables’ average error extracted (AVE) exceeds 0.5, exceeding the acceptable threshold. This shows that each latent variable in the model explains a large part of the variance of the corresponding observed variables. In other words, the observed variables measure what the latent variables represent, ensuring the model’s validity.

Figure 6.

Conclusions on the relationship between the antecedent factors and the conflicts between the residents and the stakeholders (to see Figure 6, please click here)

Discussions

This study analyzed the occupational transition process of the rural workers after their resettlement due to some land acquisition in Nghi Son Economic Zone, Thanh Hoa, Vietnam. The results showed a clear shift from agriculture to non-agriculture, especially in the service, trade, and the worker sectors. However, this process also encountered many difficulties, especially for older workers with low education levels and those who need more vocational skills.

Occupational transition and income: People’s incomes and living standards after some land acquisition have remained unchanged despite the occupational transition. This raises certain questions about the efficacy of the current occupational transition support policies and the need for more comprehensive interventions in order to ensure that workers may access to new suitable employment opportunities and to have stable incomes.

Career Transition Support: The researches showed that the support from the local authorities and the economic development projects could not be more effective. People mainly search for new jobs based on their abilities and conditions. This emphasizes the need to strengthen cooperation between stakeholders, including businesses, managers and scientists, with the aim to develop support policies and targeted interventions, helping workers to access the appropriate vocational training programs and to improve their competitiveness in the labor market.

People’s wishes and expectations: People want to be supported with vocational training and job referrals suitable to each target group’s abilities and conditions. In particular, for young people, being properly trained will help them have a more stable and long-term life. This shows the importance of investing in education and vocational training and the need for close connections between training programs and the actual needs of the labor market.

This study has provided insights into the occupational transition process of the rural workers after the land acquisition. To effectively support this process, businesses, managers, and scientists must join theirs hands in developing the comprehensive support policies combined with the targeted interventions and the worker empowerment. Only by understanding the needs and desires of workers we may support and promote a meaningful and sustainable occupational transition, contributing, in that way, to the happiness and the prosperity of the rural workers in Nghi Son Economic Zone, Thanh Hoa, Vietnam.

Conclusion

This study analyzed the occupational transition of the rural workers after their resettlement due to the land acquisition in Nghi Son Economic Zone, Thanh Hoa, including the changing trends, timing of job changes, the location, and the advantages and disadvantages encountered. The results revealed the complex realities that the rural workers face as they navigate new career paths after the land acquisition. The study also examined the key factors influencing the occupational transition, including the educational attainment, the skills training, the social support networks and the suitable employment opportunities in the Economic Zone.

The cooperation between businesses, managers, and scientists is needed to support the occupational transition. Investing in the education and the skills training tailored to the needs of the Economic Zone may improve the workers’ employability and competitiveness in the labor market. Promoting the social support networks and inclusive employment practices may facilitate a smooth transition for the rural workers.

In short, supporting the rural workers’ career transition requires a comprehensive understanding of their needs and aspirations. By empowering the workers with the necessary skills and resources, creating inclusive employment opportunities, and promoting a solid social support networks, we may contribute to the meaningful and the sustainable career transitions, bringing happiness and prosperity to the rural workers in the Nghi Son Economic Zone and we may contribute to the region’s development.

Competing interests

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relation-ships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Consent to participate

Informed written consent was obtained from each participant at the time of recruitment.

Institutional Review Board Statement

This study was approved by the Committee of the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, on May 08, 2018 (Ref. No. 9.31.03.01).

Authors’ Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study.

Acknowledgment

The authors acknowledge the workers in Vietnam who had supported us in gathering the field data for this research.

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