DOI: https://doi.org/10.26758/13.1.1
Diego-Oswaldo CAMACHO-VEGA (1), María Guadalupe DELGADILLO-RAMOS (1)
(1) Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology; E-mail: mayra.marquez@uabc.edu.mx
Address correspondence to: Diego-Oswaldo Camacho-Vega, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Calzada Universidad 14418, UABC, Parque Internacional Industrial Tijuana, 22390 Tijuana, B.C. Email: (1) diego.camacho@uabc.edu.mx (2) mayra.marquez@uabc.edu.mx
Abstract
Objectives. Based on the general hypothesis of a growing interest in using computer-based multimedia learning (CBML) in education, the objective of this study was to identify if students perceive CBML positively as an instructional tool in their online courses. A second objective was to determine if CBML is associated with self-efficacy in online courses. Finally, a third objective was to determine if higher levels of self-efficacy are associated with a positive perception of CBML.
Material and methods. Based on a cross-sectional research design, n = 98 undergraduate students enrolled in the first year of Psychology in the Faculty of Medicine and Psychology were evaluated ending their academic year about their level of self-efficacy and the perception of multimedia after taking their online courses during the Covid-19 pandemic. Sociodemographic and what’s the preferred device used during their courses also were asked.
Results. Results indicated a positive perception of CBML as an instructional tool. Also, results indicated a positive correlation between CBML and online self-efficacy. Finally, higher levels of self-efficacy were associated with a positive perception of CBML as an instructional tool.
Conclusions. According to the results, CBML is a valuable resource in learning processes (particularly online), highlighting the importance of greater self-efficacy for a positive perception of using CBML.
Keywords: computer-based multimedia learning, self-efficacy, online learning.
Introduction
From around the 70s, multimedia emerged as a relevant technology used in diverse environments such as learning. In the past years, other technologies (i.e., virtual, mixed reality, internet applications, etc.) have taken more relevance in the research field. Multimedia has recovered special attention and the new generations of students appear to accept it well (Andovita & Wahyuni, 2020). Currently, the interest in multimedia has grown because of the popularity of platforms like YouTube and other online-based platforms (Wandago, Mwangi, Bozo, MianoKihu, & Mwabonje, 2020). Additionally, the Covid-19 pandemic conducted to use online applications to deliver educational courses and to incorporate multimedia as an instructional tool. However, the perception of multimedia as an instructional tool in online courses on the part of the students, and the factors which promote their use remains still unclear, reason why some of these factors were explored in this research.
Computer-based Multimedia Learning
Multimedia learning refers to learning from words and pictures. Multimedia instruction refers to the presentation of material using both words and images, with the intention of promoting learning. The case for multimedia learning is based on the idea that instructional messages should be designed in light of how the human mind works, that is, presenting material in words and pictures by taking advantage of the full capacity of humans to process information (Mayer, 2009). In summary, multimedia learning involves presenting pictures and words where animation usually are presented as animations and the words are presented as narration (Mayer, Heiser, & Lonn, 2001).
According to Mayer & Moreno (2022) when multimedia learning is delivered using computers is considered Computer-based multimedia learning (CBML), and has increasingly popular use in many fields of learning and training because it stimulates new ways of delivering information with attention to accessibility, repeated use, and individualization, meeting the needs of various types of students (Krismadinata, Kurnia, Mulya, & Verawardina, 2022). The multimedia principle has been shown to be particularly effective when there is a clear and logical relationship between visual and verbal information, leading students to report higher satisfaction (Dawson et al., 2021). This hypothesis is derived from dual coding theory (Paivio, 1986) which proposes that information is processed in two different channels: a verbal and a visual channel, implicating that people learn better from a combined presentation of words and pictures (i.e., visual illustrations of what is presented verbally) than from words alone, this effect is known as the multimedia effect (as cited in Jägerskog, Jönsson, Selander, & Jonsson, 2019).
The application of digital technologies in education, especially multimedia network technologies, has brought about major changes in the content and methods of instruction. It has replaced the conventional teacher-centered, textbook-centered, and classroom-centered perspectives. Therefore, teachers are no longer the authority of knowledge. Multimedia learning materials, particularly those presented on computers, are different from more traditional learning materials on paper. In a dynamic multimedia context, students could be presented with more opportunities to engage in deep learning (Lawson & Mayer, 2021). Thus, CBML is an effective cognitive tool for students to explore freely, visualize procedures, and provide learners with a more convenient, comfortable, and effective learning environment (Zhao, He, Jin, & Wang, 2022), simulating the subjective initiative of learners, guiding learners to actively learn and construct knowledge systems promoting effective learning outcomes (Ye, Su, Zhao, & Hang, 2021).
Perceptions and utilization of CBML as a pedagogical tool
Miner and Stefaniak (2018) suggested that the use of CBML is a viable teaching resource for courses and the adoption of CBML by students depends on diverse factors such as the perceived usefulness and the ease of use of multimedia in computer-based learning. The perceived usefulness of CBML in online learning as a teaching method has shown a stronger influence on the intention than lectures and paper-based tutorials. One factor that explains this influence is the perceived ease of use of multimedia (Laosethakul & Leingpibul, 2021).
Additionally, Krause, Portolese, and Bonner (2017) found that the use of CBML as an instructional tool by teachers and students is related to engagement and some positive emotions such as enjoyment. Similarly, Hernández-Domínguez & Pérez-Cortés (2020) applying the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with university students concluded that most of them reported being satisfied with the use of technological tools and consider that it positively influences their learning and performance.
Moreover, the perception of the usefulness of multimedia also has been related to another individual factor such as self-efficacy, but more research is needed to support this hypothesis.
Self-efficacy and online learning
According to Bandura (1977) self-efficacy occurs when an individual belief in his/her ability to succeed. So, they try to do what they believe they can do, choosing activities according to their efficacy beliefs and putting efforts into activities, persisting when faced obstacles (Hong, Liu, Cao, Tai, & Zhao, 2022).
Concerning self-efficacy, students who assess the efficacy of their learning and academic performance skills have an increase in their likelihood of using critical thinking skills as well as critical thinking disposition, self-regulation, self-efficacy, and self-identity, factors that are involved in preparing students for success in an online learning environment (Robinson, 2021). Particularly, Internet self-efficacy (ISE) refers to users’ self-efficacy when interacting with a website, the system itself, and interactive content designed for users. ISE has been defined as an individual’s belief in his/her ability to successfully use the Internet and is considered an important antecedent of the effects of e-learning (Jokisch, Schmidt, Doh, Marquard, & Wahl, 2020).
Previous findings confirm that online learning is positively related to the interactions between students and instructors, teaching presence, self-management of learning, and academic self-efficacy. In addition, student satisfaction with online learning positively predicts their intention to continue using online learning (Um & Jang, 2021). Technology can be used to deliver content but can also be strategically used to yield more opportunities for hands-on or mastery experiences and immediate feedback to improve students’ self-efficacy. While planning future coursework, educators should reflect on the content being taught, course sequencing in the program, requirements for hours, and students’ technological skills when determining which course delivery (Fukunaga & Kasamatsu, 2022).
It has been suggested that self-efficacy when using technology, strengthens the positive relationship between the online learning environment and student engagement, as much as the positive relationship between instructional resources and student engagement (Owusu-Agyeman, 2021).
Regarding the attitude and opinion of smart devices used by higher education students and their self-efficacy when they participate in online classes, students’ perceptions of device usage, connectivity, and time duration, had a statistically significant effect on cloud-based online learning. Thus, smart devices play a vital role in extending learning outside of the classroom anywhere, anytime (Arul & Ananthi, 2021).
This research aimed at investigating if students have a positive perception of the usefulness of CBML in their online courses. Also, this research aimed to determine if there exists a correlation between self-efficacy and CBML and if a higher level of self-efficacy is associated with a better perception of the usefulness of CBML as an instructional tool in psychology students.
The hypothesis for this study was that currently, students have a positive perception of the use of CBML in their online courses (H1), being this positive perception associated with self-efficacy (H2). Finally, an additional hypothesis was that higher levels of self-efficacy are associated with a positive perception of CBML as an instructional tool (H3).
Material and Methods
This research was designed as a quantitative study using a cross-sectional design.
Participants
Data was collected from students enrolled in the first year of Psychology in the Faculty of Medicine and Psychology of one of the biggest universities in Mexico. N = 98 higher education students (age average = 19.66; 78% females) participated voluntarily after signing the informed consent. They were assured of the confidentiality of the data.
Instruments
Online Learning Self-Efficacy Scale (OLSES)
To evaluate the level of self-efficacy in online courses the OLSES scales developed by Zimmerman and Kulikowich (2016) and adapted by Yavuzalp & Bachcivan (2020) was administered. This version is a 21-item scale that includes three factors (learning in the online environment, time management, and technology use 21 items. The 6-point Likert scale of the original version instead of the 5-Likert point proposed by Yavuzalp & Bachcivan (2020) (1 = strongly disagree; 6 = strongly agree) was conserved in the administration of the scale (i.e., complete all assignments on time) because this kind of scale avoid ambiguous response.
Learning via video questionnaire
Miner and Stefaniak (2018) elaborated the learning via video questionnaire to evaluate the usefulness of multimedia videos in online courses. It is a 27-item questionnaire dealing with perceptions regarding various types of videos (i.e. Video instruction can be an effective replacement for face-to-face instruction for some classes). Participants ranked on a 5-point Likert scale how strongly they agree with each sentence (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree).
Demographics and devices
Additionally, basic socio-demographic questions of name, age, and sex were asked, as well one question to know the main device used for watching the videos during the course.
Procedures
First, students enrolled in their first year of Psychology bachelors were invited to participate in the study. Due to the pandemic situation, all courses of the Faculty were administrated completely online through the Blackboard Learn platform following the instructional design template provided by the Center for the Open and Online Education of the university. The study was conducted fully online at the end of the academic year during the Covid-19 pandemic.
After signing the informed consent, participants were asked to respond to the Learning via video questionnaire and the OLSES questionnaire as well some demographic questions. The same questionnaires were administrated at the end of the course but in a posttest version. Finally, one question asking what the main device was used to take the course and watch the videos was asked.
Data analysis
To analyze data and verify the research hypothesis the JASP 0.16.2 software was used. The analysis was conducted in four stages. First, the normality of data was evaluated, determining feasible the use of parametric statistics. Second, the r Pearson coefficient was calculated to identify the existence of a correlation between CBML and self-efficacy. Third, the median of self-efficacy was calculated from the OLSES results to classify students with higher and low level of self-efficacy (median = 4.95), all values below the median were considered as low self-efficacy. Finally, a logistic regression was calculated to identify the association between the level of self-efficacy and perception of CBML usefulness.
Results
Determining the perception of CBML as a positive instructional tool in online learning in psychology students, results indicated that most students considered the use of CBML as a useful tool (x ̅=3.600, SD = 0.496). According to the median calculated for devices, results showed that student used mainly a PC o Laptop for their online courses (x ̃= 2.000). Descriptive statistics for all studied variables are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Descriptive (to see table 1, please click here)
Checking if CBML is associated with self-efficacy in online courses, the results suggested a positive correlation between self-efficacy and CBML (r = .569: p < .001) (see Table 2)
Table 2
Correlations between variables (to see table 2, please click here)
Then, to determine if a higher level of self-efficacy is associated with CBML, a logistic regression was calculated. As is shown in Table 2, the logistic regression model was statistically significant χ2(96) = 22.903, p < .001, indicating that the model explains 28% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in CBML. The odds of perceiving the positive use of CBML are 9.851 times for participants with higher levels of self-efficacy (odds ratio, p < .001). In other words, the positive perception of the use of CBML is associated with higher levels of self-efficacy (see Table 3).
Table 3
Logistic regression (to see table 3, please click here)
Discussion
In line with the first hypothesis, students appear to have a positive perception of the use of CBML in online courses, in agreement with Miner and Stefaniak (2018), who suggested that the use of CBML is a viable teaching resource to communicate course content, albeit it is worth mentioning that not so hard as expected for this study. With regard to the second hypothesis, this positive perception is associated with self-efficacy (H2) supporting the findings provided by Cheung, Li, and Yee (2003). Regarding the third hypothesis, higher levels of self-efficacy were associated with a positive perception of the usefulness of CBML, in line with Zheng, Mcalack, Wilmes, Kohler-Evans, and Williamson (2009).
The use of CBML as a potentially valuable instructional tool has been reported various years ago (Mayer et al., 2001), being an important resource due to the capacity to work with the visual and auditive processes which are the basis for the dual-channel theory. Over time, the use of CBML was supplied by novel tools such as virtual and mixed reality (Miranda & Vieira, 2019), intelligent agents (Trevors, Reza, Azevedo, & Bouchet, 2016), etc. Nonetheless, through the emergence of online platforms such as YouTube, the interest in CBML started to grow again and the use of CBML recover its importance as a pedagogical tool (Wandago, et al., 2020) which is consistent with the H1. However, the use of videos as an instructional tool by the new generation of students appears to be different compared with previous generations. Recent research has shown that now, students prefer short content when they access multimedia in their courses (Zhang, 2020) which implies an update in the understanding of this phenomenon.
But the growing use of CBML as an instructional tool in recent years has not been analyzed enough. There are several factors involved in the perception of the usefulness of CBML (Andovita & Wahyuni, 2020). Hypotheses H2 and H3 add theoretical information to consider self-efficacy as an important factor that helps students to have a better perception of the use of CBML. Some studies have evidenced that a better perception of multimedia resources is related to engagement in online courses (Chakraborty, 2019). However, further studies should analyze the importance of the characteristics of the CBML content (i.e., quality of audio and image, quality of explanation by the professor) which are some of the limitations of this study.
An additional finding showed that students use PC or Laptops as the main device to take their online courses and watch the videos which correspond to the course, opposite to the general hypothesis of the use of smartphones as the main device to access to CBML.
Conclusions
In conclusion, this research provided evidence of the importance of considering the development of self-efficacy in psychology students. Self-efficacy has demonstrated several benefits in the learning field (Vongkulluksn et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2022), and this study provided evidence of its importance in CBML use as a process of self-regulated learning (Moghadari, et al., 2020; Huang Y, Chan H, Wang Y, et al, 2023). This study also evidences the need to research other important factors for understanding the use of CBML in online courses such as e-learning motivation and task value in online environments (Keskin & Yurdugül, 2020; Nguyen & Tang, 2022).
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